What is Diet (Dietary) | Bacaan Asik Setiap Hari

The federal dietary guidance aims to promote the health of Americans and to reduce the risk for major chronic diseases through better diet and physical activity. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005 [1,2] recommend eating a variety of foods within and among the basic food groups, grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy, and meat, fish, and poultry without exceeding energy requirements. The guidelines encourage individuals to increase daily intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nonfat or low-fat milk and milk products and recommend limiting intake of foods high in saturated fats, cholesterol, added sugars and sodium. The key to making healthful food choices is to achieve nutritional adequacy without consuming excess energy, because consuming excess energy for a prolonged period of time will place a person on positive energy balance and will subsequently lead to weight gain. A person whose body weight continues to increase could eventually become overweight or obese. Obesity, a preventable health condition, affects the quality of life. The federal government conducts nationally representative dietary surveys as part of its nutrition monitoring activities. This study examines the diet of 17,107 Americans, ages 2 years and over, who provided complete and reliable day-1 dietary interview data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002 conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) [3,4].

Dietary data was collected through interviewer-assisted, 24-h recall method. The NHANES 1999-2002 dietary data was the most recent data at the time this chapter was written. One of the major objectives of NHANES is to study the relationship between diet, nutrition, and health [5,6]. Some of the other major objectives of NHANES are: to estimate the number and percent of persons in the U.S. population and designated population subgroups with selected diseases and risk factors, to monitor trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of selected diseases, to monitor trends in risk behaviors and environmental exposures, to explore emerging public health issues and new technologies, and to establish and maintain a national probability sample of baseline information on health and nutritional status. The NHANES survey design is a stratified, multistage probability sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population [5,6].

The stages of sample selection are as follows: selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) which are counties or small groups of contiguous counties; segments within PSUs consisting of a block or group of blocks containing a cluster of households; households within segments; and one or more participants per household. This chapter has two focus areas. The first area examines the macronutrient profile of U.S. population and six age-gender subgroups: children 2-5 years; children 6-11 years; adolescent males, 12-19 years; adolescent females, 12-19 years; adult males, ages 20 years and over; and adult females, ages 20 years and over. The second study area compares the diet quality of adults (n=8,983) in the quartile groups based on their percentage of total energy from carbohydrate. The NHANES over-sampled low-income persons, adolescents 12-19 years of age, individuals 60 years of age and over, African Americans, and Mexican Americans [5,6]. Therefore, survey design effects were used in the data analyses so that the results would be nationally representative of the population subgroups studied. SUDAAN software was used for data analyses (SAS-Callable SUDAAN for Solaris, release 8.0.1, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.).

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